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Bibliography
– Caplan Richard et Pouligny Beatrice, Histoire et contradictions du state building, critique international, 2005/3 no 28, P.123-138. – Commission des communautés européennes, Ancienne République Yougoslave de Macédoine : Stabilisation et association – rapport, Document de travail des services de la commission, Bruxelles, 2002. – David Carment, Assessing State Failure: implications for theory and policy, […]
CONCLUSION
In both cases, Kosovo and Macedonia were defined as failed states. Indeed, the criteria of failure tested in the two cases concluded to their inability to provide good governance. Kosovo and Macedonia performed poorly in most of criteria but not in all. Nevertheless, they failed in the most important political good, namely a sustainable security, […]
IV.III: Results
Though there were still difficult ethnic relations, the majority of the Ohrid’s provisions passed into law(79). With regard to economy, reforms helped the Macedonian economic system to improve and the situation began to stabilize. Nevertheless, unemployment remained a major concern and without forgetting that the final status of Kosovo’s situation made the atmosphere uncertainty. As […]
IV.II: International intervention
With regard to security, the main task was disarming the rebels and reforming the security policy. Further the crisis created more than one hundred thousand refugees and there was a need to reconstruct some four thousands houses, without forgetting to restore infrastructure. The civil administration needed to be changed in order to create a balance […]
IV.I: Analyze criteria of failure
First of all, it is relevant to note that Macedonia crisis is a consequence of the previous failure of Kosovo. Indeed, due to the Kosovar conflict, a massive movement of Albanian refugees settled in the north of Macedonia. It created an ethnic population that grew and faced with the Slave majority. With regard to security […]
CHAPTER IV: Case study – Macedonia
Two years after the NATO intervention in Kosovo, Macedonia knew an ethnic crisis that blew up in March 2001. A band of Albanians rebels attacked a police station in the north of Macedonia(69). This event marked the start of a crisis between the Albanians and the Slaves in the country. The Albanian population pretended to […]
III.III: Results
The results of the international operations were half-hearted. The KFOR did not succeed in avoiding the violence against the ethnic minorities. Moreover the security was affected due to the inability of the international police and a lack of strength. Nevertheless, the situation in Kosovo was improved. For instance, during 1999, more than forty murders were […]
III.II: International intervention
Many States were involved in the conflict from a diplomatic, humanitarian and military point of view. Many States wanted to avoid the failure of the United Nations in Bosnia and Croatia, and concluded on the inability of the UN to stabilize the crisis. The diplomatic way preferred to worry about the infringement of the human […]
III.I: Analyze criteria of failure
Kosovo has been populated with Albanians and Serbs for centuries, differed in their language and religion. The majority of the Kosovars consisted of ninety percent of Albanians and ten percent of Serbs. Though the basis of Albanian nationalism was the language, the Serbs considered the Orthodox religion as the basis. The question is: Was Kosovo […]
CHAPTER III: Case study – Kosovo
The shattering of the Yugoslav federation has definitely recreated a set of ethnic problems but the main issue has come from the conflict between the Croatians and the Serbs. The failure of different international interventions, in order to stop the ethnic conflict, resulted from a lack of historical knowledge. However it is sure that a […]
II.III: Economic challenges
Although the economic aspects represent an important part in the state building process, the economic aggregates of a state have more in common with failure than success. Indeed, it is difficult to assess the short-term results of an economic in the rebuilding process; the results need to be assessed in a long-term period. The first […]
II.II: Security challenges
Rebuilding security in a failed or post-conflict area is far from being an easy task. Security reforms have to be undertaken in a way that strengthens the social and political order. Weak security reforms linked to a poor strategy of implementation and control can lead to another failure of the area. The absence of effective […]
II.I: Defining State Building
This term may be defined as the use of armed force and international control mechanisms in the aftermath of a conflict to promote a durable peace and to restore the sovereignty of failed states(40). The general term describing this activity is nation building. Different terms can be distinguished to describe the same activity: the United […]
CHAPTER II: State Building – Theoretical framework
State building is not a new a new process. One of the first internationalized territories was Albania in 1913-1914. The country was placed under the administration of the main European powers of the time(36). More ambitious was the placing of the Sarre under administration from 1922 to 1935. France claimed the annexation of the Sarre […]
I.V: The question of intervention
The consequences of failure or collapsed state may have many impacts on the international scene. Failed states can have negative transnational effects if the international community does not intervene. One of these consequences is the flows of refugee which can lead to the instability of a border state. This was the case with Rwanda and […]
I.IV: Causes of failure
As for the David Carment’s analysis, it focuses on the causes of failure and defines state failure as a non-linear process claiming that states may move from the status of weak to failed state(23). State failure may be explained through three perspectives that are the macro or long term processes associated with system-structure transformations, the […]
I.III: Indicators of failure
The Fund for Peace, through its methodology called CAST (the Conflict Assessment System Tool), provides twelve indicators which enable to assess the vulnerability of states at risk of failure. The different analyzed factors are social, economic and political. The Table below provides the twelve indicators of state failure(22): Table 1.2 Indicators of state failure Indicators […]
I.II: Define State failure
First, it is relevant to distinguish three stages or three categories which classify states: weak states, failed states and collapsed states. Defined as weak, states fulfil a number of criteria cited above but show poor performances in others. As for failed states, they perform poorly in all the criteria but it has not become necessary […]
I.I: Understand the notion of nation-state
Since 1914 the number of nations (fifty-five nations in 1914) has increased with the creation of nations after the First and the Second World War. After the independence of many countries in Asia, Africa and Oceania, and after the breakup of the Soviet Union, 192 nations were recognized until 2002(8). It is to notice that […]
CHAPTER I: State failure – Theoretical framework
Since long time, analysts have tried to understand the phenomenon of state failure in order to help policymakers to find methods of prevention because it has become necessary to understand this phenomenon to prevent failure, but also to assist the failed states in state building. This first chapter focuses on the definitions of nation-state and […]
INTRODUCTION
The western Powers are more and more concerned about the weakness of states, seeing the weakness as a threat. Well before, the Powers were afraid of the increasingly strengthening of other states and seeing this strengthening as a threat to their security. However, like the time and unlike the seasons, mentalities change. Democracy and liberalism […]
Executive summary
Through the Rotberg’s analysis, failed states see their authority collapsed and it becomes difficult to ensure the security of the inhabitants that cease trusting. In other words, the social contract is broken. The Fund for Peace provides twelve indicators which enable to assess the vulnerability of states at risk of failure. The different factors are […]
Acknowledgements
Several institutions and people contributed to the making of this thesis. Thanks go especially to Dr. Kolja Raube for the advice he gave me in order to develop relevant methods of research and writing. I also thank the University of Leuven and the University of Namur for the relevant documents of research, in particular, in […]
JURISTE / GESTIONNAIRE DE SINISTRES RC MÉDICALE A LYON ou GRENOBLE
L’Association ADIAL propose un poste de JURISTE / GESTIONNAIRE DE SINISTRES RC MÉDICALE A LYON ou GRENOBLE
Juriste expert(e) en contrats collectifs santé et prévoyance H/F à Lyon
WISH RECRUTEMENT propose un poste en CDI de juriste expert(e) en contrats collectifs santé et prévoyance H/F à Lyon
Usage fait des connecteurs logiques par les élèves de 3°année secondaire, filière lettres et langues étrangères dans la daïra de Tizi-Ouzou
Usage fait des connecteurs logiques par les élèves de 3°année secondaire, filière lettres et langues étrangères dans la daïra de Tizi-Ouzou
Auteurs : Mlle ACI Farida, M. AIT IDIR Massinissa
Année de publication : 2011
Encadré par : M. KHENDEK Med Arezki
Examiné par : M. Mellal
Ministère de l’enseignement supérieur et de la recherche scientifique
Université MOULOUD MAMMERI de Tizi-Ouzou
Faculté des lettres et langues
Département de langue française
BIBLIOGRAPHIE
+ Ouvrages 1. ADAM J.-M., La linguistique textuelle, des genres du discours aux textes, ARMAND COLIN, Paris, 1999. 2. ADAM J.-M., La linguistique textuelle, introduction à l’analyse textuelle du discours, ARMAND COLIN, 2° édition, Paris, 2008. 3. ANGERS M., Initiation pratique à la méthodologie des sciences humaines, CASBAH, Alger, 1997. 4. CARON J., Précis de […]
Conclusion
Au début de ce travail, nous nous sommes demandé si les élèves de troisième année secondaire, lettres et langues étrangères, faisaient des erreurs dans l’usage des connecteurs logiques. Nous nous sommes proposé de vérifier l’origine de ces fautes si elles existent. S’agissant de la première question, nous avons constaté : Dans les exercices, les élèves […]
2.2. Dépouillement du corpus enseignants :
Avant de présenter les résultats de l’enquête menée auprès des enseignants de langue française du secondaire, de la Daïra de Tizi-Ouzou, il convient de noter que certains enseignants n’ont pas daigné répondre à certaines questions, notamment celles qui demandent un effort de réflexion. Nous avons donc, étaient amenés, pour ces questions, à ne prendre en […]
2.1.2.3. La conclusion
Pour achever son argumentation, l’énonciateur est tenu de présenter le résultat de démarche argumentative. Parmi les 28 élèves qui ont conclu ; – Certains ont réaffirmé leur thèse et ont conclu à l’aide des connecteurs de concession tels : finalement, « en conclusion », « pour conclure », « donc », « en résumé», « […]