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CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter describes the research design, methodology and procedure of the study for this dissertation. Specifically, this chapter highlights the research philosophy, approach, strategy and data collection procedures. Research methodology is a set of structured set of guidelines or activities to assist in generating valid and reliable research results (Mingers, 2001, p.242). The research process […]
2.6. Summary
The recent rapid development and dissemination of information technologies have had enormous economic impacts through the transformation of work processes and organisational structures. Large parts of the economy have become digitized which has enabled business activities to be conducted in entirely new ways, as well as across large distances. As a result offshore outsourcing has […]
2.5.2. Dimensions that Constitute Nearshore
Over the last decade many studies on global software development have documented that distance introduces difficulties. There are many reasons for these difficulties including communication, control and supervision, coordination, creating social bonds, and building trust (Carmel and Tjia, 2005). Distance from the client, far from being a non-issue, is re-emerging as important in developing a […]
2.5.1. Geographic proximity
A study by Carmel and Abott (2006) identified 46 nations in which nearshoring activity is occurring, these nations are clustered in three major global areas. A nearshore cluster is associated with relatively easy travel, similar time zones, and closeness in culture and/or language. As showed in the map of Figure 4, one cluster of 19 […]
2.5. Offshore versus Nearshore
As the phenomenon of offshoring has matured in IT field, we are witnessing segmentation in the marketplace. A range of ”shoring” and ”sourcing” terms have sprung up: “farmshoring”, “multishoring”, “rightshoring”, to list a few. At least one has even been trademarked: “AnyShore” (Carmel and Abott, 2006). Of particular prominence among these terms is “nearshoring”: Nearshoring […]
2.4.3. Quality improvement
For years there has been dissatisfaction about the quality of packaged outsourced software and the torrent of bugs, fixes and patches. Most firms realise now that a low cost service in IT that does not deliver quality could erode savings as more effort will be required to correct badly delivered solutions. Therefore, the lower cost […]
2.4.2. Global Resource pool
Aside from cost savings, firms may have other incentives to offshore. The availability of abundant, skilled and flexible human capital in the developing countries is one of the main drivers of offshore outsourcing. The global IT service delivery model has one fundamental hypothesis: IT skills, knowledge and services can be competitively extracted, reconstructed and delivered […]
2.4.1. Transaction Cost
To compete in increasingly competitive economic environments, decisions to offshore company activities are essentially driven by factors related to costs of production, distribution and productivity (Olson, 2006). When deciding which IT activities shall be outsourced, Transaction Cost Theory is among the most frequently mentioned theoretical foundations. Transaction cost theory, which was pioneered by Coase (1937), […]
2.4. Incentives for IT offshore outsourcing
Organisations are continually thinking of about how best to produce, market, and distribute a product or service and ask themselves whether they truly need to own all the processes within their companies. The academic literature helps to explain the circumstances under which decisions, on contracting some production activities with an unrelated party, and/or splitting production […]
2.3. Enabling Factors for recent Offshoring trend
Information technology outsourcing is said to have originated with the Kodak–IBM outsourcing agreement of 1989 (Loh and Venkatraman, 1992). Yet the form and range of IT outsourcing have undergone two key transformations since that date. First, it has expanded beyond just the outsourcing of IT to encompass entire business processes, which are underpinned or enabled […]
2.2. Offshoring and Outsourcing
Organizations have to make two separate decisions, one concerning the boundary of the business and the other concerning the location of their activities. They may opt to ‘buy’ rather than ‘make’ inputs and services in-house. Outsourcing involves greater specialization as companies switch from performing inputs internally to sourcing them from an external supplier; whereas, offshoring […]
2.1. What is offshoring?
Perhaps due to the emerging nature of the concept, no commonly accepted definition of offshoring exists. It is often used interchangeably with outsourcing. Outsourcing typically refers to the practice of one company hiring another company to perform tasks that used to be done in-house (Bednarzik, 2005). Lacity and Hirschheim’s (1993) define outsourcing as the purchasing […]
CHAPTER 2: ACADEMIC LITERATURE REVIEW
Offshore outsourcing is a new and swift-moving activity. Most documents are almost inevitably outdated as soon as they are published. In addition, the phenomenon itself changes at a breathtaking pace. However, to a large extent, the issue of offshore outsourcing involves the same fundamental questions addressed by economists for more than two centuries concerning the […]
1.3. Aims of this research
The following are the overall aims of the research: Identify the reasons behind the recent trend in IT services offshoring? Identify the main drivers that influence offshore outsourcing of IT projects? Identify potential competitive advantage could Morocco have over its main offshore competitors? Identify how could Moroccan IT industry reach a […]
1.2. Previous research
The literature regarding offshoring is replete with analysis from either side extolling or decrying the effects of implementation. It is clear that many of these analyses come from those who have a stake or ideology that drives their perspective. The issue has generated a number of studies on a wide range of topics such as […]
1.1. Background
Offshoring is the increasingly widespread practice of moving IT and other business processes to other nations where skilled knowledge workers earn less than their local counterparts. As software skills become commoditized and as standard transactions become able to be processed on a global basis, decision makers are looking at this practice to cut IT costs […]
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Page suivante : 1.1. BackgroundRetour au menu : IT SERVICES OFFFFSHORING IN MOROCCO
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This study discusses information technology outsourcing to offshore locations; it focuses on the case of Morocco as an IT services provider for an increasing number of European organizations. The study was motivated by the importance that took the phenomenon of offshoring over the last years and how its significant increase has influenced the organizational models […]
ETUDE DU CENTRE-VILLE DE RUFISQUE :CARACTERISTIQUES DU PAYSAGE URBAIN ET MUTATIONS FONCTIONNELLES
ETUDE DU CENTRE-VILLE DE RUFISQUE :CARACTERISTIQUES DU PAYSAGE URBAIN ET MUTATIONS FONCTIONNELLES
Auteur : MAMADOU ALIOU DIALLO
Année de publication : 2009
Année universitaire 2008-2009
Sous la direction de : Monsieur YAKHAM DIOP Professeur à l’U.C.A.D
UNIVERSITE CHEIKH ANTA DIOP DE DAKAR
FACULTÉ DES LETTRES ET SCIENCES HUMAINES
DEPARTEMENT DE GÉOGRAPHIE
BIBLIOGRAPHIE
AUDRERIE (DOMINIQUE), SOUCHIER (RAPHAEL), VILAR (LUC), Le patrimoine mondial, PUF, 1ère édition, 1998 BAUCHARD (DENIS), GUERRIER (PAUL), Economie financière des collectivités locales, Ed Armand Colin, 352 pages BENGA (NDIOUGA LEXAN ADRIEN), Pouvoir central et pouvoir local, la gestion municipale à l’épreuve, Rufisque, Sénégal (1924-1964), Université Paris VII-Denis Diderot, 1995 CHALINE (CLAUDE), […]
Conclusion :
Quelles leçons tirer de ce parcours sinueux sur l’espace du centre-ville de Rufisque ? On serait tout de suite tenté de dire qu’elles sont nombreuses en raison des multiples transformations, productions, qui en font le théâtre d’une perpétuelle recomposition structurelle et d’une réappropriation d’un espace dont l’héritage lui prédestinait, un avenir commercial aussi prometteur. S’il […]
–B–2 Des boutiques très spécialisées :
On ne pourrait dire que Rufisque a échappé à son passé colonial, au regard de l’énorme héritage commercial qui le « poursuit encore ». Même si la nature des produits à commercer à changé, le constat est là et témoigne de l’apparition de boutiques modernes. Cet héritage le marque jusque dans la transformation des maisons, […]
–B–1 Des services et encore des services :
Graphique 4 : répartition des différents services Source : réalisation personnelle Figure 14 : Localisation des services Source : réalisation personnelle En ce qui concerne le pôle des services nous pouvons voir que le centre-ville de Rufisque est bien outillé pour ne serait-ce remplir une partie de ses fonctions à savoir proposer des services divers. […]
–B– Un pôle de services diversifiés :
Il s’agit de l’apparition de services très variés qui touchent différents domaines, des nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication aux soins esthétiques. Page suivante : –B–1 Des services et encore des services :Retour au menu : ETUDE DU CENTRE-VILLE DE RUFISQUE :CARACTERISTIQUES DU PAYSAGE URBAIN ET MUTATIONS FONCTIONNELLES
–A–2 Quelle place pour une redynamisation fonctionnelle ?
S’il est vrai que le centre-ville de Rufisque est dans une phase de profondes mutations fonctionnelles, il semblerait également que celles-ci ne s’opèrent de la meilleure des façons. En effet, nous pouvons noter que la reconversion des structures n’évolue pas vers une volonté de doter le centre-ville, de fonctions nouvelles pouvant lui valoir la place […]
–A–1 Les voies de la reconversion :
Graphique 3 : la reconversion des structures Source : réalisation personnelle La figure ci-dessus nous permet de voir l’orientation prise par les différentes reconversions. Ainsi, nous pouvons voir que l’essentiel des bâtiments qui ont subis une reconversion l’ont été en faveur de la fonction éducative soit un total de 13 maisons. La fonction administrative et […]
–A– Un espace en perpétuel changement :
Figure 13 : reconversion des structures Source : réalisation personnelle Page suivante : –A–1 Les voies de la reconversion :Retour au menu : ETUDE DU CENTRE-VILLE DE RUFISQUE :CARACTERISTIQUES DU PAYSAGE URBAIN ET MUTATIONS FONCTIONNELLES
CHAPITRE III : Vers une recomposition des structures
C’est une nouvelle situation que connaît la ville de Rufisque. Elle s’observe dans l’espace du centre-ville et consiste à une reconversion des fonctions d’anciens bâtiments afin de leur donner une destination nouvelle. Page suivante : –A– Un espace en perpétuel changement :Retour au menu : ETUDE DU CENTRE-VILLE DE RUFISQUE :CARACTERISTIQUES DU PAYSAGE URBAIN ET […]
–E– Un gap fonctionnel trop grand :
Une analyse de cette partie nous permet d’apprécier l’état actuel des mutations fonctionnelles au centre-ville de Rufisque. Celles-ci sont en cours et concernent pour une grande part le secteur sanitaire, le secteur bancaire et les assurances. Pour les autres secteurs, il y’a une certaine évolution mais dans des proportions moindres comme par exemple les agences […]
–D– De nouveaux champs fonctionnels à explorer :
Pour ceux là nous pouvons dire que leur intégration dans la nomenclature fonctionnelle de Rufisque est trop récente. Il s’agit en grande partie de bureaux d’assurance et d’une agence immobilière. Notons cependant que nous n’avons recensé que cette agence immobilière au niveau du centre-ville et un seul bureau de poste. Figure 12 : localisation des […]